In the past, European arrangers and investors dominated issuance of international bonds from Turkey. But in recent months the Gulf has started to play a major role, for commercial and possibly even political reasons. About $10 billion of last year’s Turkish issuance came in the final four months of the year, and was dominated by banks. The Gulf is central to the current stream of issuance. One reason for the shift is Turkey’s move into Islamic finance. The fact that three of Turkey’s four Islamic banks are affiliates of Gulf banks has also helped steer sukuk issuance to the region. Another factor behind the trend is Turkey’s increasing emphasis on developing political and economic ties with the Gulf. Pricing is also a factor because yields from Turkey are generally higher for similar credit ratings.